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- $Unique_ID{BRK04011}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Moyamoya Disease}
- $Subject{Moyamoya Disease Moya Moya Disease Moya-moya Disease Moyamoya
- Syndrome Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or
- (Stroke) Cerebral Vascular Malformations }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 617:
- Moyamoya Disease
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Moyamoya Disease) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Moya Moya Disease
- Moya-moya Disease
- Moyamoya Syndrome
- Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or (Stroke)
- Cerebral Vascular Malformations
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Moyamoya disease is a progressive disease that effects the blood vessels
- in the brain (cerebrovascular). It is characterized by narrowing and/or
- closing of the main artery to the brain (carotid). This lack of blood may
- cause paralysis of the feet, legs or the upper extremities. Headaches,
- various vision problems, mental retardation, and psychiatric problems may
- also occur.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Moyamoya disease may occur at any age. The age of onset tends to determine
- the various symptoms. Cerebral bleeding (hemorrhage) and anemia, headaches,
- speech disorders, and sudden onsets of recurrent paralysis usually occur in
- juvenile Moyamoya patients. Children afflicted with Moyamoya disease may
- have convulsions or involuntary movements. Some may show signs of mental
- retardation. Patients tend to develop one or more of the following visual
- disturbances: blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes
- (hemianopia), double vision (diplopia), bilaterally (right and left)
- decreased visual clearness (acuity), and the inability to recognize objects.
- Fainting, intracranial hemorrhage below the middle covering of the brain
- (subarachnoid) followed by accumulation of excessive amounts of watery fluid
- in the optic disks (papilledema) may also occur. Neurosis (mainly anxiety)
- usually occurs in adult Moyamoya patients. Patients usually have sudden
- insufficiencies of blood supplies in the brain (cerebral infarctions) which
- can lead to brain tissue death.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Moyamoya disease is not known. It is thought to be
- inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in a small number of cases. (Human
- traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the
- interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a
- person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent.
- If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will
- be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of
- transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are
- carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of
- their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five
- percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
- parent, and will be genetically normal.)
-
- Studies suggest oral contraceptive use may possibly contribute to a small
- number of Moyamoya cases in women, although this has not been definitely
- confirmed. Pregnancy may also contribute to the development of Moyamoya.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Moyamoya disease occurs mainly in females under the age of 20, particularly
- of Japanese origin. In one Japanese study, 7% of the cases were familial.
- Familial cases, including identical twins, have also been reported in Europe.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Moyamoya
- disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- A Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke) occurs because the blood supply to
- the brain has been cut off or decreased. Thrombotic strokes occur when a
- clot has narrowed or completely closed an artery in the neck or head. This
- is the result of the buildup of fat-containing materials and calcium (plaque)
- on the inner linings of the blood vessels. Embolic strokes occur when a clot
- breaks away from the diseased artery in another part of the body and clogs a
- smaller artery in the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel
- ruptures in or around the brain, depriving that area of blood. Each type of
- stroke has its own symptoms, progression, and prognosis. Clumsiness,
- headaches, speech difficulties, weakness or complete paralysis of one or both
- sides of the body may occur. Stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and
- unconsciousness are also common symptoms.
-
- Vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) of the brain are
- classified into arteriovenous malformations (abnormal arteries and veins),
- cavernous malformations (enlarged channels of blood vessels), venous
- malformations (abnormal veins), and the telangiectasias (enlarged capillary-
- sized vessels). Malformations in the brain may cause recurrent headaches,
- seizures, and hemorrhaging. Hemorrhaging in the brain may cause
- cerebrovascular accidents (strokes).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Angiograms and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are diagnostic tests that can
- show the brain's blood vessels to see if they are indicative of Moyamoya
- disease. Effective treatment of Moyamoya has been unsuccessful in the past;
- however, surgical treatment and drug therapy research is encouraging. There
- are five surgical treatments currently in use: Encephalomyosynangiosis
- (EMS), Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS), Encephalomyoarteriosynangiosis
- (EMAS), Superficial Temporal-to-Middle Cerebral Artery (STA-MA) Bypass, and
- Indirect Non-Bypass Revascularization. Response of patients to these complex
- and very complicated surgeries varies.
-
- Drug therapy now in use is intravenous administration of verapamil, a
- calcium-channel blocker which dilates certain blood vessels.
-
- The disease may also stabilize after a progressive course.
-
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families if
- they have the hereditary form of Moyamoya Disease. Other treatment is
- symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Researchers are investigating two types of drugs that may be effective in
- treating Moyamoya disease: calcium-channel blockers and anti-aggregating
- (anti-blood clotting) drugs.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Moyamoya Disease, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Families with Moyamoya Network
- 14197 E. Kansas Pl., #105
- Aurora, CO 80012
-
- or
-
- 1282 Skylark Dr., RR #3
- Cedar Rapids, IA 52403
- (319) 362-8315
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
- 350 Parnassus, Suite 900
- San Francisco, CA 94117
- (415) 566-5402
- (415) 565-6259
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 1068.
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 2213-2214.
-
- CEREBRAL INFARCTION DUE TO MOYAMOYA DISEASE IN YOUNG ADULTS: A. Bruno,
- et al.; Stroke (July, 1988: issue 19(7)). Pp. 826-833.
-
- OCULAR SYMPTOMS OF MOYAMOYA DISEASE: S. Noda, et al.; Am J Ophthalmol
- (June 15,1987: issue 103(6)). Pp. 812-816.
-
- PITFALLS IN THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF MOYAMOYA DISEASE. OPERATIVE
- TECHNIQUES FOR REFRACTORY CASES: S. Miyamoto et al.; J Neurosurg (April,
- 1988: issue 68(4)). Pp. 537-543.
-
- TREATMENT OF ACUTE DEFICITS OF MOYAMOYA DISEASE WITH VERAPAMIL: M.J.
- McLean et al.; Ann Acad Med Singapore (January, 1985: issue 14(1)). Pp. 65-
- 70.
-
-